What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Electroconvulsive therapy uses precisely controlled electrical stimulation delivered to the brain while the patient is under general anesthesia and muscle relaxants. The procedure lasts several minutes, with the electrical current producing a brief seizure lasting 20 to 40 seconds. Treatment typically occurs in a hospital setting and is administered over multiple sessions spaced several days apart.

ECT remains one of the most effective interventions for severe treatment-resistant depression, acute suicidal crises, catatonia, and severe bipolar disorder. Psychiatrists consider it when medications alone have failed or when rapid response is critical due to the severity of symptoms. It is also sometimes used for severe psychosis that has not responded to antipsychotic medication.

Common misconceptions portray ECT as a dangerous or barbaric procedure from older psychiatric eras. Modern ECT is substantially different from historical practice. Patients receive anesthesia, muscle relaxants prevent visible convulsions, and the procedure is performed with cardiac monitoring and controlled dosing. Memory loss and other side effects do occur in some patients but are generally temporary, though some individuals report longer-lasting cognitive effects. When provided by experienced clinicians in appropriate clinical settings, ECT carries risks comparable to general anesthesia itself. Finding qualified psychiatrists experienced in administering ECT is important for those whose condition may warrant this intervention. Providers in Milan's mental health community can advise whether ECT is suitable for individual cases.